Angiotensin-(1-7) protects cardiac myocytes against high glucose-induced injury by inhibiting ClC-3 chloride channels / 南方医科大学学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore whether angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)] protects cardiac myocytes against high glucose (HG)-induced injury by inhibiting ClC-3 chloride channels.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>H9c2 cardiac cells were exposed to 35 mmol/L glucose for 24 h to establish a cell injury model. The cells were treated with Ang-(1-7) or the inhibitor of chloride channel (NPPB) in the presence of HG for 24 h to observe the changes in HG-induced cell injury. Cell counter kit 8 (CCK-8) assay was used to test the cell viability, and the morphological changes of the apoptotic cells were detected using Hoechst 33258 staining and fluorescent microscopy. The intracellular level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was examined by DCFH-DA staining, SOD activity in the culture medium was measured using commercial kits, and the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) of the cells was tested with rodamine 123 staining. The expression level of cardiac ClC-3 chloride channels was detected with Western blotting.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Exposure of H9c2 cardiac cells to 35 mmol/L glucose for 24 h markedly enhanced the expressions of cardiac ClC-3 channel protein (P<0.01). Co-treatment of the cells with 1 µmol/L Ang-(1-7) and HG for 24 h significantly attenuated HG- induced upregulation of ClC-3 channel protein expression (P<0.01). Co-treatment of the cells exposed to HG with 1 µmol/L Ang-(1-7) or 100 µmol/L NPPB for 24 h obviously ameliorated HG-induced injuries as shown by increased cell viability, enhanced SOD activity, decreased number of apoptotic cells, and reduced intracellular ROS generation and loss of MMP (P<0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>ClC-3 channels are involved in HG-induced injury in cardiac cells. Ang-(1-7) protects cardiac cells against HG-induced injury by inhibiting ClC-3 channels.</p>

Morphine treatment enhances extracellular ATP enzymolysis and adenosine generation in rat astrocytes / 生理学报

Recent studies have shown that astrocytes play important roles in ATP degradation and adenosine (a well known analgesic molecule) generation, which are closely related to pain signaling pathway. The aim of this study was to investigate whether morphine, a well known analgesic drug, could affect the speeds of ATP enzymolysis and adenosine generation in rat astrocytes. Intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) of astrocyte was measured by flow cytometry, and the time points that morphine exerted notable effects were determined for subsequent experiments. Cultured astrocytes were pre-incubated with morphine (1 μmol/L) and then were incubated with substrates, ATP and AMP, for 30 min. The speeds of ATP enzymolysis and adenosine generation were measured by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results showed that both 1.5 and 48 h of morphine pre-incubation induced maximal ATP enzymolysis speed in astrocytes among all the time points, and there was no statistical difference of ATP enzymolysis speed between morphine treatments for 1.5 and 48 h. As to adenosine, morphine pre-incubation for 1.5 h statistically increased adenosine generation, which was degraded from AMP, in cultured astrocytes compared with control group. However, no difference of adenosine generation was observed after 48 h of morphine pre-incubation. These results indicate that treatment of morphine in vitro dynamically changes the concentrations of ATP and adenosine in extracellular milieu of astrocytic cells. In addition, astrocyte can be regarded as at least one of the target cells of morphine to induce changes of ATP and adenosine levels in central nervous system.

ERK1/2 mediates edaravone-triggered protection against myocardial damage induced by isoprenaline in H9c2 cells / 南方医科大学学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the effect of extracellular signal regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) on edaravone (EDA)-triggered protection against myocardial toxicity induced by isoprenaline (ISO) in H9c2 myocardial cells (H9c2 cells).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>H9c2 cells were exposed to ISO at different concentrations to establish a cardiac toxicity model induced by persistent excitation of β1 receptor. EDA was added before ISO as a pretreatment. PD-98059, an ERK1/2 inhibitor, was administered 1 h prior to EDA to inhibit the phosphorylation of ERK1/2. Cell viability was measured using cell counter kit (CCK-8). The expressions of p-ERK1/2 and t-ERK1/2 were tested by Western blotting. Mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) was detected by Rhodamine123 (Rh123) staining and photofluorography.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Exposure of H9c2 cells to 80 µmol/L ISO for 24 h down-regulated ERK1/2 phosphorylation and repressed MMP. Pretreatment with 10-40 µmol/L EDA for 1 h inhibited ISO-induced myocardial toxicity and pretreatment of 40 µmol/L EDA partially rescued ERK1/2 phosphorylation and MMP level. PD-98059 abolished cardiac protection of EDA, leading to myocardial toxicity and MMP loss.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>EDA can protect H9c2 cells against myocardial injury induced by ISO by suppressing ISO-triggered inhibition of ERK1/2 activation.</p>

Role of NADPH oxidase in endothelial cell dysfunction induced by endothelial microparticles / 南方医科大学学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the correlation between circulating endothelial microparticles (EMPs) and flow-mediated dialation (FMD) in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), and investigate the role of NADPH oxidase in endothelial cell dysfunction caused by EMPs.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Fifteen patients with CAD and 15 at high risks of CAD were tested for the level of EMPs and FMD and other biochemical indices, and the correlation between the indices were analyzed. EMPs obtained from cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were phenotyped and used to stimulate the HUVECs, whose ROS and NO production was tested.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Endothelial dilation function could be damaged by circulating EMPs in CAD patients. Dysfunction of HUVECs caused by 10(5)/ml EMPs could be reversed by pretreatment with 20 micromol/L apocynin, a NADPH oxidase inhibitor.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Endothelial dialation function of the endothelial cells can be damaged by circulating EMPs in patients with CAD in association with NADPH oxidase activation.</p>

Reactive oxygen species scavenger protects cardiac cells against injuries induced by chemical hypoxia / 南方医科大学学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the protective effect of reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger, N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), against H9c2 cardiomyocytes from injuries induced by chemical hypoxia.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>H9c2 cells were treated with cobalt chloride (CoCl2), a chemical hypoxia-mimetic agent, to establish the chemical hypoxia-induced cardiomyocyte injury model. NAC was added into the cell medium 60 min prior to CoCl2 exposure. The cell viability was evaluated using cell counter kit (CCK-8), and the intercellular ROS level was measured by 2', 7'- dichlorfluorescein-diacetate (DCFH-DA) staining and photofluorography. Mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) of the cells was observed by Rhodamine123 (Rh123) staining and photofluorography, and the ratio of GSSG/ (GSSG+GSH) was calculated according to detection results of the GSSG kit.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Exposure of H9c2 cardiomyocytes to 600 micromol/L CoCl2 for 36 h resulted in significantly reduced cell viability. Pretreatment with NAC at the concentrations ranging from 500 to 2000 micromol/L 60 min before CoCl2 exposure dose-dependently inhibited CoCl2-induced H9c2 cell injuries, and obviously increased the cell viability. NAC at 2000 micromol/L obviously inhibited the oxidative stress induced by CoCl2, decreased the ratio of GSSG/(GSSG+GSH), increased ROS level, and antagonized CoCl2-induced inhibition on MMP.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>NAC offers obvious protective effect on H9c2 cardiomyocytes against injuries induced by chemical hypoxia by decreasing in the ratio of GSSG/(GSSG+GSH) and ROS level and ameliorating MMP.</p>

Effects of angiotensin-(1-7) on oxidative stress and functional changes of isolated rat hearts induced by ischemia-reperfusion / 南方医科大学学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effects of angiotensin (Ang)-(1-7) on oxidative stress and functional changes in isolated rat hearts with myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>IR injury was induced in isolated rat hearts with the Langendorff' apparatus. The left ventricular systolic pressure (LVSP) of the rat heart was measured using a pressure transducer. Malondialdehyde (MDA) level and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the myocardium were detected using commercial kits.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Myocardial ischemia (15 min) and reperfusion (30 min) significantly increased myocardial levels of MDA, and reduced the SOD activity and LVSP (P<0.05). Pretreatment with Ang-(1-7) at 1.0 nmol/L 30 min before ischemia obviously inhibited IR-induced MDA increment and lowering of SOD activity and LVSP. Pretreatment of the rats with intraperitoneal injection of 5 mg/kg indomethacin 1 h before isolation of the heart markedly antagonized the effect of Ang-(1-7) on MDA production, SOD activity and LVSP.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Angiotensin-(1-7) can inhibit IR injury-induced oxidative stress and decrease in cardiac contractile function in isolated rat hearts. The mechanism underlying the effect of Ang-(1-7) may be associated with increased secretion of prostaglandin.</p>

Hydrogen peroxide preconditioning protects PC12 cells against apoptosis induced by oxidative stress / 生理学报

Oxidative stress can induce significant cell death by apoptosis. We explore whether prior exposure to H2O2 (H2O2 preconditioning) protects PC12 cells against the apoptotic consequences of subsequent oxidative damages and what role the ATP-sensitive potassium (K(ATP)) channels play in the preconditioning protection. PC12 cells were preconditioned with 90 min exposure to H2O2 at 10 micromol/L, followed by 24-h recovery and subsequent exposures to different concentrations (20, 30, 50 and 100 micromol/L) of H2O2 for 24 h respectively. We used PI staining flow cytometry (FCM) to observe the apoptosis of PC12 cells. It was shown that 24-h exposures to H2O2 at 20, 30, 50 and 100 micromol/L respectively induced substantial cell apoptosis, which was greatly prevented in the preconditioning cells, indicating that H2O2 preconditioning protected PC12 cells against apoptosis induced by H2O2. Administration of pinacidil (10 micromol/L), an K(ATP) channel activator, significantly attenuated the apoptosis of PC12 cells induced by H2O2 at 30 and 50 micromol/L for 24 h respectively. Glybenclamide (10 micromol/L), a K(ATP) channel inhibitor, significantly suppressed or abolished the protective effects caused by the pinacidil but not by H2O2 preconditioning. However, when both H2O2 preconditioning and pinacidil were co-applied, their protection against the apoptosis of PC12 cells was much stronger than that of the individual one of them. These results suggest that H2O2 preconditioning protects PC12 cells against apoptosis and that the activation of K(ATP) channels is not involved in, but synergetically enhances adaptive protection of H2O2 preconditioning.

Effect of estrogen receptor ? knocked down by RNA interference on osteoprotegerin expression in estrogeninduced human osteoblast-like cells / 中华内分泌代谢杂志

After estrogen receptor?(ER?)in MC,63 cell was knocked down by RNA interference, expression of osteoprotegerin(OPG)induced by 17?-estradiol was assayed by RT-PCR.17?-estradiol with various concentration obviously upregulated the expression of OPG mRNA of MG63 cell with the maxima]effect at the concentration 10~(-7)mol/L,which was not inhibited by suramin(G protein inhibitor).The present result suggested that ER?was not involved in regulation of OPG mRNA expression in MC,63 cell by 17?-estradiol.